Micha Gisser

Gisser (1986) based his look for on an analysis of 445 American industries. In this research, the measurement of monopoly final results was, in effect, a measure of oligopolistic effects, as he measured both fourfirm and eight company concentration effects. Based upon his research, Gisser (1986) concluded how the deadweight loss in consumer surplus attributable to monopoly physical exercise in manufacturing approximates 0.114 percent of gross national product, which confirms Harberger's (1954) conclusion reached 32 years earlier. Gisser's (1986) conclusion with respect towards the magnitude in the deadweight loss was based on one more conclusion he drew from the research, towards effect that market leaders in very concentrated industries neither collude or behave in for example way that the outcome is no several than if they had colluded.

In introducing his article, Gisser (1986) referred on the excessive quantity of search reported within the literature with respect towards measurement from the deadweight loss to client surplus resulting from monopoly physical exercise in manufacturing, and 3quoted Sam Peltzman (1977, 229), who stated "the reader has by this late day the correct to demand powerful justification to your new entrant." Gisser (1986, 756) justified his research on the grounds of its "development of an innovative approach that applies to a type of cost leadership to be able to estimate the welfare loss." Consumers' surplus is defined as the excess number a customer is willing to purchase a good, instead of doing without having it, more than the amount genuinely paid to your beneficial (Rees, 1984). A consumer surplus, thus, can exist only in the context with the concept of diminishing marginal utility.

This thought holds that, at some point, consumption of a lot more incremental quantities of the great will yield successively small increases in utility. Thus, it's assumed that an individual will be willing to pay more for your first unit of consumption 4than in your unit consumed at some factor additional along. If the real cost paid for your excellent is assumed being its marginal price, then the sum from the differences among that cost and also the costs than 1 would be willing to acquire earlier units inside consumption chain (assuming a limitation on offer which would result in prices for earlier consumption being higher) and the marginal cost constitutes the consumer surplus.

The thought of diminishing marginal utility, and, thus, the size from the buyer surplus, rests upon an assumption that, as much as a point, demand for a great will increase, as the price from the good decreases (Ekelund, and Hebert, 1983). Ekelund, R. B., Jr., and Hebert, R. F. A History of Economic Theory and Method, 2nd ed. New York: McGrawHill Book Com pany, 1983. Harberger, A. "Monopoly and Resource Allocation." American Economic Review Proceedings, 44 (May 1954): 7787. Gisser, M. "Price Leadership and Welfare Losses in U.S. Manu facturing." American Economic Review, 66 (September 1986): 756767. First, on the basis on the revised assumptions, it's likely that Gisser would have concluded that either true or strong collusion was produce in many industries.

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Media Ownership

Miller cites this and also the cost-cutting big companies were generating as evidence how the news divisions could no longer be trusted to pursue the stories the public requirements to see and hear.

Miller things on the variety of mergers taking location and cites the situation of Time Warner, which was rapidly becoming the largest with the group. At the time as soon as Miller wrote this article, Time Warner was within the procedure of taking more than Ted Turner's organizations and such as these in its huge stable of companies. This deal has subsequently been completed, and it has already made a issue that has caused several during the media to reconsider the effects of these mergers on a public. In New York City, the cable provider is really a division of Time Warner. The cable has lengthy carried CNN, that is certainly a station operated by Ted Turner. Thus, Time Warner today owns CNN and supplies that station on its cable service. There are 2 other all-news services in operation today, a single made by NBC (MSNBC) and also the other produced by Rupert Murdoch's company, the new Fox News Network. Time Warner were told already that it had to give a slot on the cable to a rival news service, and it specific the NBC station, ostensibly a decision produced by Ted Turner, extended a rival of Rupert Murdoch. The men and women of New York who may well need to see Murdoch's station can't as a result of this decision. The entire trouble became additional tough to characterize after political leaders.

 

n the city entered the fray on Murdoch's side since he was a contributor to their campaigns. Mayor Rudy Giuliani advised that 1 with the city's channels could possibly be used for Murdoch's station, which would be illegal.

This issues to the real dilemma of the changes that Miller foresees. A close observation on the 3 television networks shows that the viewer will not yet see a lot evidence of corporate interference or a reduction in news-gathering as a result of these mergers. As on the folks of New York City, the actual difficulty is that the viewer usually do not see much adjust and don't know what he or she just isn't seeing. If a news company decides not to cover a story, the viewer might be none the wiser. The decision by CBS not to run the original Brown & Williamson story was leaked to other news media and so became an issue, but if that leak had not occurred, the viewer would not know he or she was becoming deprived. The story would just not be told, and an crucial issue would thus not be aired. At any given time, there are thousands of important stories being covered, and options are created every day. After we watch news broadcasts, we expect that the news-gatherers are looking out for our interests and are developing the most critical data at any given time. As Miller rightly items out, we may well no longer be able to have such trust in our news organizations, and yet we might never be certain if this really is so. We only know we are being deprived after someone involved speaks to another news source and lets us know it, as happened with the CBS case.

Such decisions could be noticed as innocent and needed given the reality that cable systems have a limited number of channels so that some alternatives need to be made. After all, the New York franchise does have a couple of all-news channels and so does have competition as required by law. The truth that Murdoch has lost out will harm his new channel, but MSNBC would be harmed if the choice were otherwise.

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Futures Market in U.S.

Every derivative instrument these days is standardized with respect to quantity, level of superior, as well as calendar thirty day period associated with termination, as well as the trading is conducted simply by simply middlemen regarding clients and by "residents" buying and selling for their own reasons. Some Ten percent of most futures investing nowadays is in foreign currency as well as currency search engine spiders. U.S. Treasuries commodity will be the many seriously bought and sold U.S. futures contracts, appreciated from some $6.3 trillion every year. United States dollar futures tend to be a lot more greatly exchanged with regards to dollar amount but are next to the highest in terms of level of deals. The principal purpose of commodity deals stays so that you can move hazards coming via people much a smaller amount ready to carry these phones people ready to assume these people for a price with the hope of your income. Commodity deals are a way associated with hedging share investments and may boost the readiness of buyers to place their savings in to securities as opposed to other forms regarding assets .

Foreign exchange trade and market segments for government debt sec have got for ages been worldwide withinside scope. There is growing proof which securities market segments around the globe tend to be linked and that they tend to move in similar in reaction so that you can economic and also financial news and to behave dramatically to push throughout some various different market segments . The single Eu market will convert the derivatives market segments, one thing observed first by Homosexual Evans, chairwoman from the Global Trades and also Derivatives Association. She is furthermore director with the Bankers Believe in International as well as mentioned several weeks in the past the launch of your solitary Eu currency exchange upabout Present cards A single, Late 90s would certainly alter everything in the derivatives industry, from the terms of the contract towards the competitive position of Europe's major economic commodity deals.

The size of the marketplace is apparent from current statistics: At least 15 % of the $40 trillion withinside outstanding over-the-counter types are usually designated either in France francs or Deutsche represents, that foreign stock markets tend to be scheduled to completely disappear in the center of the season Two thousand and two. In spite of these success from the futures trades in Chicago , il, they may be facing a significant problem today from your invasive commodity market segments in London, London, Frankfurt, Nyc, as well as Sao Paulo. The 2 major deals withinside Chi town are the Chi town mercantile Trade and also the Chicago , il Board of Trade, the greatest and a lot mixed up in planet, however their reveal regarding trading has declined gradually, shifting from your dominating 80 % throughout 1986 in order to be able for you to help beneath the Fifty percent tag in 1993.

Yet, the 2 exchanges have seen robust progress since the mid-1980s buoyed by way of a surge throughout buyer use of derivatives goods. The decline in general share comes since growth continues to be sustained from other trades. The Chi town exchanges encounter inflexible competitors now from this kind of more and more revolutionary exchanges since the Uk Liffe and also the French Matif, leading to Chicago , il insiders in order to be able for you to help call for a great eliminating regarding rules masking commodity trading.

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Workshop on Business Writing

As Parnell (1996) argues, "While the significance of effective communications has increased-along on the volume of communications?the capacity for creating embarrassing mistakes and careless errors in communication has also increased" (11).

The writing skills workshop can be mandated mainly because mistakes and errors in written business communications bring about important impact on a organization. Parnell (1996) contends that "Good writing attracts consumers and shoppers while negative writing drives them away" (11). Spelling errors in memos, emails, and other kinds of written communication, like sales letters to potential clients, reflect poorly over a employee writer as well as the organization. Poor writing includes a lack of knowing your audience, something that will swiftly turn off readers. Using acronyms or buzz words can confuse readers outside of specific departments or particular industries.

The writing skills workshop will assist save the business time and cash in ways other than helping attract shoppers and clients. The average organization letter prices about $10, based on Parnell (1996), which ways writers must "get the employment done right-the very first time" (10). Poor writing skills result in lower morale once writers are unaware of the cultural diversity of their audience or use loaded or biased terminology that causes hurt feelings and conflict.

In light with the recent low morale and capacity loss of corporation from poorly written communications and in light in the widespread assertion during the literature that writing skills are some thing that may be improved with training, a writing skills workshop is greatly needed. Messmer (2001) contends that you'll find "steps it is possible to consume to enhance your [writing] skills and confidence." Doug McPherson, author and manager of McPherson's Term Pub, a writing and public relations firm, argues that "writing is like any other skill-it can also be improved" (Better 2001, 2). Writing workshops are important for helping employees and managers develop the essential writing skills of sound written communication. Essentials of excellent writing skills just like corporation of thoughts and structure, great grammar, clarity and concision, and also the system of proofreading and editing all readily lend themselves for the workshop environment.

ear wording, poor sentence structure, or fail to keep their messages clear and concise. Maruca (1996) maintains that poor writing skills also result in risk of work loss once managers fail to make sure their employees communicate effectively. Maruca (1996) argues that highly effective basic-skills (reading, writing, and arithmetic) training programs are merited due to the advantages of sound writing skills and the impact of poor writing skills on employees and the organization. As the author argues, the "benefits of skills training programs include increased productivity and reduced costs, much better morale, reduced absenteeism, and a lesser amount of workers' compensation claims" (Maruca 1996, 9). Despite this kind of benefits, Maruca (1996) charges that few managers recognize the relationship between their work and their employees' proficiency in easy skills.

There are various sound writing skill improvement ways and firm writing textbooks to support implement a successful writing workshop.

 

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Union Organization during the Middle of the 20th Century

All of this activity quieted down as a postwar depression increased unemployment in 1921 and industry developed new scientific methods of controlling factory environment, including company "unions." The conservative leadership of the American Federation of Labor (AFL) sought to preserve the influence it had gained in the government during the war by silencing the radicals within the unions and preaching anti-communism; the AFL had feared that the end of the war would bring government control into the arena in the form of support for industry. Productivity increased during this period, but wages did not keep pace with the cost of living. As a result, worker resentment grew just below the surface, occasionally erupting in sporadic strikes. The organizers of the massive strikes of 1919 remained near the workers, ready to exploit this resentment when the right moment came.

The stock market crash of the Fall, 1929, and the resulting Depression shocked the American system. Unemployment had begun to rise to the 10% level in the year before the crash, but within weeks after the crash it skyrocketed to levels which have never been accurately figured.

As American industries expanded, John L. Lewis created further rifts in the CIO as he expounded isolationist views. Although his disputes with Roosevelt grew, most were shocked when Lewis announced his support of the Republican candidate in the 1940 Presidential election, a move which forced him to relinquish the presidency of the CIO. Lewis continued to play a major role in the CIO and publicly took on Roosevelt in a dispute involving the UMW and mines owned by U.S. Steel. Lewis was victorious in getting a "closed shop" in the mines, and expected enormous public attention over the victory. Few, however, noticed Lewis' victory when it was announced on December 7, 1941.

Throughout 1934, strikes by unions in the auto industry and longshoreman along the West Coast ignored direction from the AFL, often forming unions led by members of the Communist Party. Members of these unions were frustrated by the conservative leadership of the AFL, which had affirmed its dedication to exclusionary craft unionism in its 1934 convention, and the NIRA, which tended to promote company unions and long hearings. The conflict within the ranks of the AFL would escalate until 1935, when many of the unions would formally break with the AFL and form their own organization of unions.

However, the CIO failed to organize Ford and the Little Steel companies. In fact, the attempts to organize these two entities resulted in some of the worst labor violence in American history. In May of 1937, UAW organizers were beaten by Ford's private police at facilities around the country. That same month, the SWOC struck Little Steel companies. The companies hired strikebreakers and instigated violence between the strikers and the strikebreakers. On May 30, Memorial Day, Chicago police fired on SWOC members and their families gathered outside the Republic Steel plant; ten were killed and 58 wounded. Both the Ford and Little Steel strikes ultimately failed.

 

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The Explanation Effects on Consumer Perceived Justice

In addressing the learn objectives, the authors' composed a set of look for propositions that are key towards the purpose in the article. Those people propositions were: "Providing explanation (whether excuse or justification) will lead to additional positive perceptions (i.e. fairness or justice) than no explanation. And providing explanations prior to event happened will bring about far more positive perceptions; Providing explanation as the justification sort will have a a lot more very good effect on justice and fairness than providing an excuse, whether prior to or right after event happened; Providing an explanation (whether excuse or justification) when the outcome is adverse will bring about a lot more positive perceptions (i.e. fairness or justice) than if the outcome is favorable;

 

Based on these discussions, the authors concluded that an explanation provided just before an event will probably be more good towards consumer. According to these conclusions, the authors recommend extra look for be done that would include reasons of price elasticity and also the product/service to enhance the understanding of explanations. In addition, extra research is needed to examine the differences in forms of explanations and consumers' perceptions, as well as inside the economic notion and psychology aspect to examine how perceived fairness, justice, satisfaction and loyalty will probably be improved in a number of effects if you'll find differences in a product or service or service. Finally, the personality from the client can also be a meaningful aspect needed being included in future studies.

consumer satisfaction/overall business satisfaction with an explanation is going to be various from the various justice types how the consumer perceived. And procedural justice and interactional justice have a greater influence on buyer satisfaction and overall company satisfaction than distributive justice;

 

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The Financial Environment in Health Care Institutions

Within this kind of a financial environment, procedures just like cost accounting not merely had been seldom used, there also was strong opposition inside the community of wellness care professionals to the incredibly consideration of their use (Mendenhall, Shepherd, & Kabrinski (1987). Today, some opposition remains towards use of cost accounting as well as other financial tools inside the well being care sector; however, the software of these kinds of tools these days is critical for the continued financial viability of most major health care institutions inside United States (Gregory, Baigelmann, & Wilson, 2003).

Even previous to the management care protocol became pervasive in American wellness care, wellness care financial managers known the need for cost accounting in major health care institutions (Young, 1988). The accurate costing of delivered services was assuming an ever-greater significance (Mendenhall, Shepherd, & Kabrinski, 1987). A single on the far more important cost accounting procedures introduced during the health care finance was a two-stage activity-based price accounting process pattered after a similar cost accounting process designed for and utilized in manufacturing industries (Cooper, 1987a; Cooper, 1987b).

While the survey respondents supported the GASB decision to need presentation with the statement of money flows while using direct method, most respondents also indicated support presenting the reconciliation of operating cash flows to funds from operations as an integral component with the SCF. Although this procedure would not need the presentation of two complete dollars flow financial statements, the functionality with the indirect procedure would be retained.

 

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Business Communication Through Electronic Mail

Face-to-face meetings, whether formal or informal, supply the most communication information. As well as the words which are spoken, participants can observe entire body language, intonation along with other clues to the message becoming communicated. Phone conversations eliminate the visual clues, but nevertheless provide the convenience of two-way interaction and vocal intonation. But these kinds of communication provides no long-term record of what was said, and companies rely on written records. So, it is it not surprising how the memo and corporation letter have long been a staple of corporation communication ("E-mail" 12).

E-mail will be the following step inside the evolution of written company communication, and has brought with it considerable convenience. It is transmitted instantly within the world, does not depend on separate machinery as does a fax, it really is retrieved--multiple times, if needed anywhere there's a personal computer connected towards World wide web or a personal intranet, and it truly is forward

There's pressure to respond to an e-mail once it is received, and there's the ability that the response isn't as well-thought out as being a letter or memo would be. Instead of reviewing and editing the e-mail response, most just type and send, complete with grammatical and factual errors (O'C. Hamilton 179).

Despite these 3 problems, e-mail can be an strong communication tool for business. This requires that businesses develop e-mail guidelines relating to what is and just isn't right for an e-mail message, and remind their employees that e-mail messages needs to be carefully concept out, not merely written simply in response to another hastily written e-mail. Corporations ought to also remind employees that individual conversations even now have a place in business, and oftentimes, a five-minute phone call can replace hours of back-and-forth with e-mails.

 

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Almusbah Group Management

In general, the retail marketplace is positively related with the region in the economy from the local country. The Saudi citizens eat perfumes more than average compared in the individuals of different countries. This can be due to cultural and religious reasons. Because the weather is hot most on the year it became the norm that folks wear different fragrances. The religious aspect of perfume consumption happens mainly because Friday is regarded a day wherever Muslims gather in mosques for about an hour and do their afternoon prayers. During such times, it is advised that men and women come clean with nice clothes and smell good.

As the population of Saudi Arabia grows it's expected that the consumption of perfumes will also grow. From statistics I discovered over a official web site on the Saudi Embassy in Washington D.C, the population of the nation is growing at an annual rate of 3%, and 60% from the population is under 18 many years old. These a couple of figures clearly offer the capacity of the market. The local market is growing, and as the average age gets to the twenties the consumption of perfume will also grow.

B). There are numerous leading brand names in the high price fragrance market. From France you'll find brands for instance Chanel, Cartier, Christian Dior, Elizabeth Arden, Estee Lauder and quite a few others.

In order to ideally monitor inventory levels of the wholesale division, an right purchasing system that actively involves sales force input on merchandise ought to be established. Also needed would be various levels of planning that begins with sales and ends at the managerial level. This sort of planning would make the different levels on the division share responsibility and accountability for new goods introduced towards the market. It would also tie the sales force to specific targets with respect to quantities sold.

B). Entrants: Inside the branded fragrance industry barriers to entry are low. Anybody that has the know how and also the capital can enter the industry and be a competitor. For the mass marketplace segment, entering the marketplace requires large investment (warehouses, personal computer systems, distribution channels, and sales force). These investments make exiting barriers high.

Almusbah sales in 2001 are nonetheless higher than its second biggest competitor MS by 12 %, but inventory turnover of Almusbah is 1.37 times less than MS. Almusbah average age of inventory in days is 376 compared with 156 days for MS. This insufficiency of inventory management for Almusbah compared with MS had a direct effect on a 4% difference in web profit.

In mass market perfumes (low price perfumes) there are numerous modest manufacturers that follow the 3 primary industry leaders. These three leaders are Beautimatic, European Perfume Works LLC, and Cindy Shahed. Each of these manufactures tries being a low cost leader.

The promoting strategy that I am proposing for Almusbah branded perfumes consist of the followings:

A loose reordering system can be responsible for ones high inventory levels from the wholesale division. I am going to create a reordering procedure that monitors inventory levels and reorders products and solutions at the correct time in calculated quantities. The technique is simple.

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An Army of One Army Recruitment

The work, as is frequent of the artist and the era (as well as is normally genuine of small paintings in general) is finely wrought. The subject of this portrait seems nearly as if she had been trapped in the painting, as if she were somehow preserved under glass. The work does not have the photorealism that would characterize some works in the 20th century (perhaps due to the fact Photorealism per se could only develop after photography itself became the aesthetic norm for portraiture), but the clear intent of the artist in his painting is to provide a realistic representation of a fairly young woman dressed (or rather more undressed than dressed) in the faux-peasant sort then much in vogue in France, acquiring been popularized by the queen, Marie Antoinette. Even though the sort of the portrait is essentially formal - this is a clearly a posed subject - there is also a certain intentional artlessness about the portrait, as if the young woman had just arrive in from some bucolic duty (or maybe arisen from her bed, given her nation of dishabillee and the sheerness of her camisole).

The overall palette of the painting lies predominantly within the blue range: The hat along with its feather and the young woman\'s shirt are all lightly tinted blue. The scarf that she has twined around her neck is also slightly blue, although here the blue is mixed with more red to create an overall orchid. The young woman\'s cheek tones (as well as the skin on her shoulders and on her neck) are also blended with blue, although even more red has been mixed in so that the effect is a blue-based pink rather than overtly blue. This blue-based palette helps to produce the overall effect of a faux earthiness around the woman\'s beauty and - just as importantly - helps to pull the figure forward from the background so that she seems to emerge (three-dimensionally) from the picture plane.

However, while the work is fairly smooth and the thickness of paint fairly even (and pretty thin), a close examination of its surface demonstrates that Greuze\'s seeming artlessness is in fact only seeming. The paint is more thickly employed in some places. The highlights under the woman\'s appropriate eye, on the left side of her mouth, in her left pupil, on her proper shoulder over the seam of her sleeve - all of these places show thicker and later applications of paint. These were almost certainly the areas of the canvas that were last touched by Greuze as he sought - having produced the basic template for his portrait - to bring it to life, to give this rather generic young woman a sense of the particular.

The painting method is - in keeping with the predominant philosophy of portraiture and of painting in general of the late 18th century - very smooth. This smoothness is accentuated by the glazing approaches applied at the time, although it is somewhat undercut by the fine lines that have appeared in the paint as a result of the effect of time on paint and canvas. Greuze layered paint onto this canvas in a way that was meant not to draw the eye of the viewer to the process involved: He is attempting to accentuate the beauty of this young woman instead of his personal skill. Or, to rephrase this idea, he is attempting to prove his skill by producing an essentially seamless depiction of a certain kind of young woman whose beauty was then very much in vogue.

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The Importance of Analytic Cubism

Art in Cartesian perspectivalism, therefore, was not made in either the artist's or the viewing subject's mind. Instead, it was divinely channeled from the artist. The image on a canvas was not representative from the artist, and its reception did not depend on the viewer.

#CTzanne, who was a powerful early influence on Braque, painted inside Post-Impressionist school, meaning he attempted to move beyond capturing a direct naturally-occurring experience in his work. Rather, CTzanne sought to elaborate upon Impressionism's movement away from artwork that presented the viewer with theoretical or moral significance by adding emotional and symbolic meaning to his work. Some art scholars offers Braque's "The Bay of L'Estaque" (1908), made up of fragmented and partially overlapping planes, as an example of his work during his transition from Post-Impressionism to Cubism. Braque painted "The Bay" at the begin of his trip to Provence, where CTzanne had painted essential landscapes in the 1880s.

Many contemporary art scholars argue that Braque and Picasso's Analytic Cubist paintings were the very first truly modernist art, insofar since it was the very first art to present our fragmented, relativistic way of seeing and thinking. From a perspectival viewpoint, Cubism was the very first artistic movement that Marcel Duchamp's "Fountain" (1917) has grow to be an art world icon, following anticipating the genre now referred to as Conceptual Art by about fifty years. Duchamp, together with several other artists and art lovers, founded the Society of Independent Artists, which arranged its very first exhibit, non-jury, to open on April 10, 1917. Duchamp bought a urinal inside the J.L. Mott Ironworks in Brooklyn and submitted it for exhibition. But, despite owning labeled the exhibition non-jury, Society members named "Fountain" "immoral, vulgar, and simply a piece of plumbing" and refused to exhibit it.

The Automatists scorn for academic disciplines and artistic form also led to stronger political attacks in their work than those people depicted by the veristic Surrealists. The jobs of these artists tends to demonstrate a lot more clearly an irreverence for political and social elites, particularly the political elites that preached a nationalism that these artists viewed as the cause from the very first world war and which they somewhat anticipated could result in another. They, therefore, rebelled against form each in art and in national politics. The function of their art was not to understand the subconscious images, but merely to express them. This was in opposition towards the veristic Surrealists, who expressed their subconscious images to your specific function of subjecting them to analysis.

Nonetheless, 1 from the reasons that the 1930s is noticed being a largely unsuccessful period in American art history is simply because much of this artwork created under New Deal funding was regarded to be derivative and provincial. True, artists funded by the New Deal programs had been making voluminous paintings, mural, sculptures and photographs. But this artwork was created under the rubric of the governmental agency. Consequently, artists did not think complete freedom to produce and experiment with a full panoply of artistic movements and subjects.

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Peter Paul Rubens-A Flemish Painter and Designer

Furthermore, artists were one of the most probably individuals to invent new technology, mainly because they were inherently able to "think outside the box" and apply the spark of creativity on the everyday gadgets around them. Even though superficially unrelated, art and science are vitally intertwined "under the skin."

No one understood this far better than Leonardo da Vinci, the foremost artist/musician/sculptor cum inventor/architect/engineer in the 16th century. His grasp from the connection among art and science is glimpsed in this quotation: "Study the science of art. Find out the art of science. Develop your senses particularly learn how to see. Realize that everything connects to everything else" (1). Da Vinci followed his individual advice. He dissected corpses and made intensive nature studies, sketching everything from plants to people. His sketchbooks are filled with nature studies and imaginative sketches of futuristic machines along with other inventions. His comprehension in the scientific principles underlying his inventions is no doubt due in component to his avid observation of everything close to him and his precise documentation of everything he saw and idea about. His drawings illustrating rolling friction led to his invention with the normal cage that prevents balls and rollers from rubbing against every other in the leveraging from the lift:drag ratio (2, Fig. 1). His understanding of hydraulics, his scheme for canalizing rivers.


Figure 8. Robot Knight. "Leonardo's relentless quest for automation reached its climax in the anthrobot project formulated in Milan in 1495, likely in your festive occasion at the Sforza court. The robot was the consummate expression of the direct man-machine analogy a recurrent theme in Leonardo's anatomical studies.

From the learn of proportions on the way parts have been connected and functioned, da Vinci made a substantial contribution towards mechanization that characterized the Scientific Revolution. His machines had been ingeniously formulated sometimes enormously complex and fell into four primary categories: war, work, flying, and water/land machines. Of his several war machines, probably the most useful was the multiple crossbow, of which there is a working design at the National Museum of Science and Technology Leonardo da Vinci Milano (Fig. 4). This Rube Goldberg-type device depended over a sequential interaction of its various components in a series of moves. The aerial screw was a single of da Vinci's flying machines and is hailed as a precursor on the helicopter (Fig. 5).

Massey, Lyle. Anamorphosis via Descartes or perspective gone awry. The Renaissance Quarterly. 1997. 50(4), p. 1148.

Ramde, Dinesh. "Golden ratio linked to beauty, order in nature." Universal Journal: The Association of Young Journalists and Writers. Retrieved on May well 3, 2005, from http://ayjw.org/articles.php?id=358092

Of the quite a few work machines, the virtual mechanical calculating device is one of people that tie in most closely with each the Scientific and also the Industrial Revolutions. It was the precursor to the contemporary pocket calculator. "In 1967, a pair of da Vinci drawings were observed that depicted a model in your machine composed of geared wheels and rods that were purported to become a calculating machine in a position of performing additions. IBM sponsored the construction of a replica based on these drawings" (9, Fig. 6).

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Luckily, we live in the epoch of technological progress which gives us an opportunity to use a lot of various services that were unavailable even a few decades ago. Thus, you can simply order your paper. Such variant would be the best way out of the situation as you can kill two birds with one stone. Your paper will be written by a highly qualified writer who has been doing this job for a very long period of time. As you have already understood, it presupposes that s/he has vast experience in the field.

In addition to that, you won't have to spend your own time on paper writing. Instead, you can do something else, such as watching a movie or going to a party. So, you are the one to decide whether to spend your weekend with your friends or with a pile of books trying to come up with a quality research paper. It seems like the best option would be to order a paper.